The Tissue

State two cell renewal mechanisms found in epithelial membranes

Summarize the structure and function of four different types of cell junctions

State what is meant by a basement membrane and discuss it; distinctive composition.

Differentiate between serous, mucous, and mixed secretory units in sections

State three major differences between exocrine and endocrine gland

Depict how a sarcomere's filaments axe arranged a) during relaxation and b) during

contraction, relating muscle striations to the sarcomere

Draw a labeled diagram of a motor end plate

Explain how contraction is elicited in skeletal muscles

Discuss why certain cell junctions exist between some muscle cells but not others

Elaborate on which types of muscle can regenerate

Explain the histologic changes associated with edema

Differentiate between six different cell types present in loose connective tissue

Discuss the functional significance of macrophage derived inflammatory cells and its

location,

Outline how the structure of plasma cells reflects their chief function

Discuss the functional significance of four mast cell-derived inflammatory mediators

Distinguish loose and dense connective tissue using the light microscope

Outline the chief similarities and differences between bone and cartilage, and specify the

subtypes of each tissue

Outline the two different ways by which bones develop.

Discuss the structural and functional differences between osteoblasts and osteoclast

Recognize the four constituent zones and diaphyseal trabeculae of an epiphyseal plate

and state respective functional significance.

Distinguish between sites of bone growth and sites of bone resorption

Draw a labeled diagram of the simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar stratified squamous, pseudostratified and transitional epithelium.

Draw a labeled diagram of the skeletal, hearth, and smooth muscle

Draw a labeled diagram of the loose connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue, dense regular connective tissue, and adipose tissue

Describe the general characteristics of each vertebrate.

Define the differences between cervical,thoracic and sacral vertebrates.

Explain the major characteristics of coxae, sacrum and coccyx.

List the atypical bones of the ribs and vertebral column with their reasons.

Explain the general characteristics of the insertionand origin in addition to contraction types.

Define the tendons and muscle reflexes.

Explain the general considerations of muscleinnervation.

Describe the general anatomy of each upper limb bone.

Explain the general characteristics of the upper limb musclesʼ innervation and functions.

Define the vasculature of the upper limb.

Explain the brachial plexus.

 Define the dermatomes of the upper limb.

Describe the general anatomy of each lower limbbone.

Explain the general characteristics of the lower limbmusclesʼ innervation and functions.

Define the vasculature of the lower limb.

Explain the lumbosacral plexus.

Define the dermatomes of the lower limb.

Reconcile the isotope related knowledge of atom and Rutherford’s experiments on recall

Distinguish chemical and nuclear reaction subjects

Explain the hypotheses related to reasons of nuclear reactions

Explain the Law of Radioactive Decay

Explain the conception of Physical Half--‐Life.

Explain the Decay curve and illustrate examples related to its applications

List the properties of alpha particle radiation with some radiation reaction examples

 List the properties of beta particle radiation with some radiation reaction examples

List the sources of the particles according to their medical importance

List the properties of gamma radiation

Explain the importance of gamma radiation for nuclear reactions

Explain the mechanisms of gamma radiation and a matter interaction effects

Explain the Absorption Law of gamma radiation

Explain the “Half value thickness” conception

Define the variables (sort of materials and energy of incident radiation) the “Half value thickness” parameter depends on

List and define the units of radioactivity

List the 8 isotopes (tritium, carbon14, crypton85, stronsium90, iodine, cesium and plutonium)

Describe the application fields and methods of each of the isotopes

 Differentiate the radioisotopes according to stable component existence in their content

Radiation Biophysics: Biological Mechanisms of Radiation,Radiation Safety, Inverse Square Rule

Define the ionization and excitation properties of nuclear radiations

Explain the “Linear energy transfer”, “Ionization number” and “Specific ionization” conceptions.

Explain the “Reaching distance” conception.

Distinguish and define direct and indirect effects dependent on physical interaction durations

Explain the radiation biological effects up today theories

List the radiation effects on human organism

Evaluate the effects of radiations with and without threshold

 Describe the radiation caused diseases

List the radiation sources and explain the ways of radiation influences

 Evaluate Legally Permitted Radiation Dosages

Evaluate the danger based radiation classification

Tell time and distance (inverse square law) related radiation effects

Lasers in Medicine

Tell about laser beam generation fundamental principles

Describe the laser beam properties and differences from those of light

 Distinguish lasers according to their working principles

Explain the pulse laser generation mechanisms

 Explain the permanent laser (Helium--‐neon laser) generation mechanisms

List the fields of industry and medicine laser uses are implemented in

 Define the subjects of Bioenergetics and bio--‐thermodynamics

List the parameters of physical thermodynamic systems

Explain the Zeroth Law of thermodynamics

Explain the First Law of thermodynamics

Explain the general differential expression of the First Law

Describe the connections between the First Law and the Law of Energy Conservation and Conversion

Define monosaccharide derivatives  

Explain the structure of starch and glycogen

List the components of glycosaminoglycans

Explain the functions of glycosaminoglycans

Define the structure of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

Define the structure of triacylglycerols, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids 

Explain the function of bile acids

Explain the function of eicosanoids

Define structure of glutathione

Explain antioxidant system of human body

Explain the protein structure: Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures

Explain the First Law applied to the adiabatic processes Ideal gas

Define the resemblance and differences between adiabatic and isothermal processes

Explain the graphical version of the resemblances and differences between adiabatic and isothermal processes

Explain the different versions of the First Law adiabatic processes

 Define the conception of “Entropy”

 Explain the mathematical expression and units of entropy

Explain the conception of “Entropy” on examples

Define the conceptions “Standard Absolute Entropy” and “Entropy of Reaction”

List the entropy related parameters

Define “Free Energy” conception far a system

 Explain the mathematical connection between changes of entropy and free energy

Describe the connection for a thermodynamic system

• Define the events of Photosynthesis and Respiration and their connections

• Describe the Enthalpy, Free Energy and Entropy relationships in the contexts of

photosynthesis and respiration

Define free energy change concerned one mole of ATP

Describe the differences between energy transformations for thermodynamic physical and biological systems

Define the anabolic and catabolic reactions

Evaluate the controlled implementation of energetic processes in living cells

Distinguish the change differences between Standard Free Energy and Free Energy in biological systems

Describe the connection between Free Energy Change and Reduction Potential